In order to determine the incidence of buffaloes on enteric CH4 emissions, information about animal production and farm management was analyzed and the CH4 emission factor estimated using the IPCC Tier 2 model. CH4 emission factor for the category of buffalo cattle and buffalo bulls was estimated for the period 2000-2007, in Italy, Europe and worldwide. During 2007, the CH4 emission factor for buffalo cattle and bulls worldwide was 61.35 and 47.48 kg CH4/head/yr respectively. The CH4 emission factor from 2000 to 2007 worldwide showed an increase of 1.94 and 4.68 kg CH4/head/yr for buffalo cattle and bulls respectively, also considering that the buffalo population is increasing and that the CH4 emission factor depends on body weight and milk yield.

Introduction: Air pollution has become a problem in the city of Isfahan, Iran. Jewelry making workshops are one of the city’ s sources of pollutants. No studies had been yet conducted to determine the emission factor for Isfahan’ s jewelry making workshops. The purpose of this study was to determine the carbon monoxide emission factor obtained from the Isfahan emission factor. Materials and methods: In the first step, jewelry making workshops were visited in Isfahan and it was found that the only source of carbon monoxide was the use of an oxy-fuel welding system for melting gold. In the second step, a pilot experiment determined the emission rate for carbon monoxide. Then, the gas consumption was measured for the oxy-fuel welding system. Next, the amount of carbon monoxide produced per cubic meter of consumed natural gas in an oxy-fuel welding system was calculated. Results: The results of this study showed that the carbon monoxide emission factor for an oxy-fuel welding system is 0. 0865 kg / kg of consumed natural gas. Interviews with the managers of some of the jewelry making workshops found that on average 22 kg of natural gas is used per month by each of Isfahan’ s jewelry making workshops. Each month, each jewelry making workshop produces about 1499 kg of carbon monoxide. Conclusion: The emission factor introduced in this study can be used to calculate the air pollutants emissions of jewelry making workshops in Isfahan to find their share of Isfahan’ s air pollution.

The significant consumption of gas in the World results in the emission of greenhouse gases into atmosphere. Abadan refinery has always been the biggest and oldest oil refinery in the Middle East and has a variety of refined products. After six months of collecting data about pollutant concentration emitted from a stack of old furnaces of units 75 and new unit 200, the emission factor of the pollutant was calculated. The result showed that the emission factor of some hazardous pollutants emitted from old unit 75 was tremendously higher than that of unit 200. This study suggests the installation of a forced fan to provide the excess air and a feed temperature controlling system to control fuel gas consumption. These would make the fuel combustion complete and decrease its consumption. Meanwhile, further results showed that the renovation of unit 75 could lead to a significant annual reduction of some pollutants such as CO, H2S, and CxHx to 66 ton, 3 ton, and 800 kg, respectively, this would increase the emission rate of pollutant SO2 up to 150 ton annually. Finally, the new data of pollution coming from unit 75 were compared to pollution standard at American refineries. Results showed that the emission factor of most pollutants were below the American standard limits. However, the emission factor of sulfur dioxide emitted from upgraded furnace of unit 75 surpassed the American standard values. Fuel gas needs to be free of hydrogen sulfide in order to decrease SO2 emission in unit 75. It is predicted that the renovation of other 11 old furnaces belonging to Abadan refinery will result in significant decrease of pollutants CO, CxHx and H2S up to 320, 94 and 76 ton annually.

Estimation of coal power plant emissions is a vital step to visualise emission trends with respect to specific policy implementations and technological interventions so that their effectiveness in terms of emission reductions and ambient air quality improvement can be quantitatively assessed. However, research work concerning stack emission estimations specifically for coal power plants in India is limited. To bridge the present gap, we present a plant-specific multi-year and multi-parameter Coal Power Stack Emission Model. This model has been developed to explore current and historical annual stack emissions from a coal-based thermal power plant taking into account essential variables such as coal characteristics, process attributes and control equipment aspects, which can significantly influence the stack emissions. This study concentrates on development of Coal Power Stack Emission model and its application for the estimation of plant and year-specific emission factors and stack emissions for a coal-based power plant at Badarpur, New Delhi, for the period of 2000–2008. The validation of Coal Power Stack Emission model has also been successfully carried out by comparing the trends of percentage change in annual emission estimates and observed ambient air concentrations of total suspended particles, PM10 and sulphur dioxide at two nearby air quality monitoring stations, namely Siri Fort and Nizamuddin.